# 领航

# 阅读

# 常考的隐含假设

要素	隐含假设
做了什么	论述的主体有能力 / 条件可以做
建议 / 应该去做一件事情	这件事还没有做过，作者认为这件事合理
为什么 + 观点	观点成立
一个措施有利，应该去做	同时不会有更大的弊端
一个措施不利，应该去做	同时不会出现更大的利
禁止做一件的事情	这件事已经被做过

# 选项比错的依据

1. 答案已知且唯一
2. 选项具有有限性（4 个）

比出一个最佳选择即可，放弃求证每日一个选项的正确于错误

但，什么是最佳？

实际上，找对很难， 比错比比对更加容易！

选项比错是高效的做法

# 比错的逻辑

依据精准定位，评估一个出错率最小的选项

比选项👉相对性👉借助其他选项

比错👉 比较四个选项错误率的大小

出错率最小不是完全正确，放弃追求完全正确的执念，转变为 “接受最佳的选项” 的新认识。

# 精准定位 + 选项比错

# 定位不到的解题思路

1. 反向定位（判断选项信息正误）
2. 取反 / 取非
3. 原命题转逆否命题
4. 主题主旨

# 写作 (大作文)

# 图画作文

# 行文框架

# 第一段（2-3 句）

1. 引出主题
2. 描述图片
3. 评价图片（可有可无）

# 第二段（5 句）

1. 重申主题 + 分析影响
2. 影响 1 + 研究调查
3. 影响 2 + 名人名言

# 第三段

1. 升华主题
2. 建议措施
3. 展望未来（可有可无）

# 引出主题的句子（选一个即可）

The animated cartoon reminds its readers of the significance of (主题词).

Nothing can get us denying that (主题词), under any circumstances, tends to be of great/enormous importance.

You will not miss thinking that (主题词) is playing an indispensable role in our life and work.

# 描述图片的句子

The picture is mainly related to the case that (图片主要人物 / 事物) + （doing/done…）, which can be a vivid expression of the topic.

# 评价图片（可有可无）

What the drawer tries to convey has profound practical significance.

Simple as the picture looks, its implicit meaning should be thought–provoking.

The cartoon, at first glance, seems to be simple, but the deep meaning behind it is worth pondering.

# 重申主题 + 分析影响

Considering the significance of（主题词）, it is necessary to point out the far-reaching consequences behind it.

There seems to be more than one direct or indirect effect involved in (主 题 词) , which none of us can fail to notice.

The effects that (主题词) can exert are obvious and within easy reach.

# 影响 1 + 调查研究

# 万能理由先行

1. 成长 / 成功 / 发展

   1. 个人话题：the growth /success/prospect of individual
   2. 社会话题：the development of economy /society/culture /legal system /enviroment

2. 知识 / 阅历 / 机会

   1. acquire adequate knowledge and experience

3. 效率 / 便利 / 时间

   1. efficiency / convenience

4. 健康（身体和心理） / 压力 / 愉悦

   1. physical health / mental health
   2. pressure / stress / stain
   3. bring a lot of mental and physical pleasure

# 分析影响

It is generally recognized that nothing is more important than (主题词) for (四大万能理由) .

# 调查研究

Depending upon a rough estimate of the relevant department, nearly 86.2% of the respondents hold the same view.

A recent Internet questionnaire of the relevant department indicates that approximately 86.2% of the respondents hold the same view.

# 影响 2 + 名人名言

# 分析影响

(主题词) contributes to/is conducive to/is responsible for (四大万能理由) .

# 名人名言

As Envduct Karryguess, director of community service at LA College in LitLingo, puts it, “(万能理由) , needless to say, enormous importance for us.”

# 升华主题

All these factors support a rational conclusion that great importance should be attached to (主题词)

# 建议措施

Everyone should cultivate a better awareness of it and take practical actions.

Strict laws and disciplines can guarantee the smooth running of the society

# 展望未来（可有可无）

Only in this way would our life become more real and meaningful

# 原型

	You will not miss thinking that (主题词) is playing an indispensable role in our life   and work.The picture is mainly related to the case that ( 图片主要人物/事物 ) + （doing/done....）, which can be a vivid expression of the topic.
	There seems to be more than one direct or indirect effect involved in ( 主 题 词 ) , which none of us can fail to notice.It is generally recognized that nothing is more important than (主题词) for (四大万能理由) .A recent Internet questionnaire of the relevant department indicates that approximately 86.2% of the respondents hold the same view. (主题词) contributes to (四大万能理由) .As Envduct Karryguess, director of community service at LA College in LitLingo, puts it, “ (万能理由) , needless to say,  enormous importance for us.”
	All these factors support a rational conclusion that great importance should be attached to(主题词). Everyone should cultivate a better awareness of it and take practical actions.

原型净约 136 词

# 试写（2005. PartB. 52.）

	You will not miss thinking that concern elderly is palying an indispensable role in our life and work. The picture is mainly related to the case that four children would not like to take care their father.
	There seems to be more than one direct or indirect effect involed in concern elderly, which none of us can fail to notice, It is generally recognized that nothing is more important than concern elderly for bring a lot of mental and physical pleasure. A recent Internet questionnaire of the relevant department indicates that approximately 82.6% of the respondents hold the same view. concern elderly contributes to a happy old age. As Envduc Karry, director of community service at LA College in LitLingo, put it,"A happy old age ,needless to say, enormous importance for elderly."
	All these factors support a rational conclusion that great importance should be attached to concern elderly. Everyone should cultivate a better awareness of it and take pratical actions.

试写仅为作者的练习，不是范文！不是范文！不是范文！可能不会拿到很高的分数，仅供参考。

共 161 词，虽然针对 2005 年的要求有点捉襟见肘，但对于新标准来说还是游刃有余的。

# 图表作文

# 行文框架

# 第一段（2-3 句）

1. 引出主题
2. 描述图表
3. 评价图表（可有可无）

# 第二段（5 句）

1. 重申主题 + 分析原因
2. 原因 1 + 研究调查
3. 原因 2 + 名人名言

# 第三段

1. 升华主题
2. 建议措施
3. 展望未来（可有可无）

# 引出主题

（主题）is clearly shown in the picture.

（主题）is what the chart tries to convey.

The chart,in an obvious way, speaks volumes about the phenomenon that (主题). （背）

The chart above demonstrates clearly that some changes have taken place in terms of（数据标题）

# 描述图表

# 饼状图 / 表格

X accounts for the highest percentage at x% of （主题词）,followed by B at y% and C ,z%. At the bottom of the chart, k% is regarded as D.

# 柱状图 / 折线图

There was a （dramatic increase/a steep drop） in the number of (一个东西) from （数据）in （时间）to（数据） in （时间）.

# 重申主题 + 分析原因

The reasons that caused the phenomenon are obvious and within easy reach.

After observation and consideration, some reasons of （主题词） can be highlight as follows.

# 原因 1 + 研究调查

同图画作文

# 原因 2 + 名人名言

同图画作文

# 升华主题

同图画作文

# 建议措施

同图画作文

# 原型

	The chart,in an obvious way, speaks volumes about the phenomenon that (主题).X accounts for the highest percentage at x% of （主题词）,followed by B at y% and C ,z%. At the bottom of the chart, k% is regarded as D.
	After observation and consideration, some reasons of （主题词） can be highlight as follows.It is generally recognized that nothing is more important than (主题词) for (四大万能理由) .A recent Internet questionnaire of the relevant department indicates that approximately 86.2% of the respondents hold the same view. (主题词) contributes to (四大万能理由) .As Envduct Karryguess, director of community service at LA College in LitLingo, puts it, “ (万能理由) , needless to say,  enormous importance for us.”
	All these factors support a rational conclusion that great importance should be attached to(主题词). Everyone should cultivate a better awareness of it and take practical actions.

模板净含约 120 词

# 文字作文

# 行文框架

# 第一段

1. 引出主题
2. 陈述作者观点和态度
3. 表明自己的观点

# 第二段

1. 重申主题 + 分析原因 / 影响
2. 原因 1 / 影响 1 + 例子（调查研究）
3. 原因 2 / 影响 2 + 例子（名人名言）

# 第三段

1. 升华主题
2. 建议措施
3. 展望未来（可有可无）

# 引出主题

The phenomenon mentioned in the above excerpt that （主题）is receiving more and more attention and hot discussion.

# 陈述作者观点和态度

As is presented in the excerpt , the author believes that… is of graet significance for …

# 表明自己的观点

As far as this question is concerned, I support the author’s view.

# 原因 1 + 研究调查

同图画作文

# 原因 2 + 名人名言

同图画作文

# 升华主题

同图画作文

# 建议措施

同图画作文

# 写作 (小作文)

# 书信

# 格式

Dear_______,（<-逗号）
	
	第一段_____________________________________________
	第二段_____________________________________________
	第三段_____________________________________________
														（逗号->）	your sincerely，
																		Li Ming

# 行文结构

# 前置

称呼

# 第一段

1. 表明身份（可有可无）+ 表明主题（重要）

# 第二段

1. 展开主题 + 两点论

# 第三段

1. 重申主题 + 寒暄（可有可无）

# 尾部

落款

# 万能身份

I am president of the Students’ Union

# 表明主题

I am writing the letter to you for the purpose of (目的，从”directions“中汲取。doing sth)

# 展开主题 + 两点论

参考万能主题

# 万能结尾

Please accept my sincere gratitude to you for reading the content above. If you need to know more about it, please contact me.

# 模板

Dear_______,
	I am president of the Students' Union)(此处视情况变换身份). I am writing the letter to you for the purpose of (目的，从”directions“中汲取。doing sth).
	Of all the points concerned. I'd like to name the most significant ones as follows. First and foremost,______(要点一).Additionally,_______(要点二).(此处可再加一个要点"Not but not least")
	please accept my sincere gratitude to you for reading the content above. If you need to know more about it, please contact me.
																		Yours sincerely,
																			(name)

# 通知

# 备忘录

# 翻译

# 文章一

# 原文

	We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggest source of connection, laughter and warmth. While that may well be true, researchers have also recently found that interacting with strangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belonging that we didn’t expect.
	In one series of studies, researchers instructed Chicago-area commuters using public transportation to strike up a conversation with someone near them. On average, participants who followed this instruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sit in silence. The researchers also argued that when we shy away from casual interactions with strangers, it is often due to a misplaced anxiety that they might not want to talk to us. Much of that time, however, this belief is false. As it turns out, many people are actually perfectly willing to talk and may even be flattered to receive your attention.

# 逐句翻译

We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggest source of connection, laughter and warmth.

While that may well be true, researchers have also recently found that interacting with strangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belonging that we didn’t expect.

In one series of studies, researchers instructed Chicago-area commuters using public transportation to strike up a conversation with someone near them

On average, participants who followed this instruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sit in silence.

The researchers also argued that when we shy away from casual interactions with strangers, it is often due to a misplaced anxiety that they might not want to talk to us.

Much of that time, however, this belief is false.

As it turns out, many people are actually perfectly willing to talk and may even be flattered to receive your attention.

# 词汇

单词	释义
flattered	adj.（因受重视而）感到满意的，觉得荣幸的；（在正式场合表示感谢）不胜荣幸的，深感荣幸的 v. 奉承；自命不凡；使显得漂亮，使显得出色（flattered 的过去式和过去分词）
misplaced	adj. 不合时宜的；（情感）寄托错的；放错位置的；暂时丢失的 v. 乱放（而找不到），暂时丢失；错放（misplace 的过去式和过去分词）
argued	v. 争论；争吵；争辩；论证；说理；显示出，表明（argue 的过去式和过去分词）
commuters	n. 通勤者；每日往返上班者（commuter 的复数）
receive	v. 得到，收到；遭受，经受（特定待遇）；对…… 作出反应；接待，招待；接收（某人为成员）；接收，收听（信号）；（通过无线电）听到；购买，窝藏（赃物）；接（球）；领受（圣餐面包或葡萄酒）；接受（治疗）；形成（看法，印象）；容纳，承接

# 文章二

# 原文

	In the late 18th century, William Wordsworth became famous for his poems about nature.And he was one of the founders of a movement called Romanticism, which celebrated the wonders of the natural world.
	Poetry is powerful. Its energy and rhythm can capture a reader, transport them to another world and make then see things differently. Through carefully selected words and phrases, poems can be dramatic, funny, beautiful, moving and inspiring.
	No one knows for sure when poetry began but it has been around for thousands of years,even before people could write. It was a way to tell stories and pass down history. It is closely related to song and even when written it is usually created to be performed out loud. Poems really come to life when they are recited. This can also help with understanding them too, because the rhythm and sounds of the words become clearer

# 逐句翻译

In the late 18th century, William Wordsworth became famous for his poems about nature.

And he was one of the founders of a movement called Romanticism, which celebrated the wonders of the natural world.

Poetry is powerful.

Its energy and rhythm can capture a reader, transport them to another world and make then see things differently.

Through carefully selected words and phrases, poems can be dramatic, funny, beautiful, moving and inspiring.

No one knows for sure when poetry began but it has been around for thousands of years,even before people could write.

It was a way to tell stories and pass down history.

It is closely related to song and even when written it is usually created to be performed out loud.

Poems really come to life when they are recited.

This can also help with understanding them too, because the rhythm and sounds of the words become clearer

# 文章三

# 原文

	With the smell of coffee and fresh bread floating in the air, stalls bursting with colorful vegetables and tempting cheeses, and the buzz of friendly chats, farmers’ markets are a feast for the senses. They also provide an opportunity to talk to the people responsible for growing or raising your food, support your local economy and pick up fresh seasonal produce —— all at the same time.

	Farmers’ markets are usually weekly or monthly events, most often with outdoor stalls, which allow farmers or producers to sell their food directly to customers. The size or regularity of markets can vary from season to season, depending on the area's agricultural calendar, and you’re likely to find different produce on sale at different times of the year. By cutting out the middlemen, the farmers secure more profit for their produce. Shoppers also benefit from seeing exactly where-and to who- their money is going.

# 逐句翻译

With the smell of coffee and fresh bread floating in the air, stalls bursting with colorful vegetables and tempting cheeses, and the buzz of friendly chats, farmers’ markets are a feast for the senses.

They also provide an opportunity to talk to the people responsible for growing or raising your food, support your local economy and pick up fresh seasonal produce— all at the same time.

Farmers’ markets are usually weekly or monthly events, most often with outdoor stalls, which allow farmers or producers to sell their food directly to customers.

The size or regularity of markets can vary from season to season, depending on the area’s agricultural calendar, and you’re likely to find different produce on sale at different times of the year.

By cutting out the middlemen, the farmers secure more profit for their produce.

Shoppers also benefit from seeing exactly where — and to who — their money is going.

# 词汇

单词	释义
stalls	n. 正厅前排座位（stall 的复数形式） v. 使（汽车等）抛锚（stall 的第三人称单数形式）
bursting	adj. 充满的；渴望的 v. 爆炸；猛冲；涨满；充满感情；突然爆发（感情）；猛然打开；决堤；突然开始活跃（burst 的现在分词）
tempting	adj. 诱人的，吸引人的 v. 引诱，诱惑；怂恿，利诱；冒…… 的风险（tempt 的现在分词）
buzz	v. 发嗡嗡声，发蜂鸣声；匆忙走动；充满嘈杂声；充满想法；繁忙，充满活力；<非正式> 给（某人）打电话；< 非正式 >（飞机）低空飞过；（用蜂鸣器）呼叫 n. 嗡嗡声，蜂鸣声；叽叽喳喳声，嘈杂声；<非正式> 兴奋，快乐；热闹有趣的气氛，时尚氛围；< 非正式 > 电话；< 非正式 > 流言，传闻 adj. （词语、想法或活动）时髦的
feast	n. 宴会，筵席；盛会，特别的享受；宗教节日 v. 饱餐，尽情享用；宴请，设宴招待（某人）
regularity	n. 规律性，经常性；匀称，端正；有规则的东西，有规律的事物
middlemen	n. 中间商；经纪商
secure	adj. 稳固的，可靠的；严密把守的，牢固的；安全的，稳妥的；（对自己和自己的能力）有自信的；感到有保障的，没有顾虑的；固定住的，系牢的；秘密的 v. （尤指经过努力而）获得，得到；使安全，保护；缚牢，将（某物）固定；确保，保证；为（债务或贷款）作抵押，作保；（外科）压迫（血管）止血；停止工作；船抛锚

# 完型

# 完型理论

1. 其本质上仍然是比错
2. 亟需打破传统思维，摒弃完美理解
3. 追求文章内部的一致性
4. 主旨一致

# 局部一致性 + 全局一致性

1. 上下文语义一致
2. 注意逻辑合理（逻辑改变方向还是保持方向？）（二分法）